Plant study challenges tropics' reputation as site of modern
evolutionary innovation

Date:
July 6, 2020
Source:
Florida Museum of Natural History
Summary:
In a surprise twist, a major group of flowering plants is evolving
twice as quickly in temperate zones as the tropics.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
In a surprise twist, a major group of flowering plants is evolving twice
as quickly in temperate zones as the tropics. The finding runs counter
to a long- held hypothesis that tropical regions, home to the planet's
richest biological diversity, outpace their temperate counterparts in
producing new species.


==========================================================================
The tropics are the birthplace of most species of rosids, a group that
makes up more than a quarter of flowering plants, ranging from mangroves
to roses to oaks. But in an analysis of about 20,000 rosid species,
researchers found the speed of tropical rosid evolution lags far behind
that of younger communities in temperate habitats.

Although rosids originated 93-115 million years ago, the rate at which
the group diversified, or formed new species, dramatically increased
over the last 15 million years, a period of global cooling and expanding temperate habitats.

Today, rosids are diversifying far faster in places such as the
southeastern U.S. than in equatorial rainforests, said study co-lead
author Ryan Folk, assistant professor of biological sciences and herbarium curator at Mississippi State University.

"Everyone knows about the diversity of tropical rainforests. You would
assume all the action in evolution is happening in them," said Folk,
formerly a postdoctoral researcher at the Florida Museum of Natural
History. "But we found out that it is really the temperate regions of
the Earth -- really our own backyards -- where a lot of the recent
action is taking place." Charles Darwin once described the speed
with which the earliest flowering plants evolved and spread across
the planet as an "abominable mystery." Scientists are still tracing
the driving forces behind these plants' runaway evolutionary success,
with temperature emerging as a complex factor: Some studies have shown
that flower evolution accelerates in warmer regions while others point
to cooler climates. Research on higher and lower latitudes' influence
on plant diversification produced similarly conflicting findings.

A team of evolutionary biologists selected rosids as the candidates for a closer look at the relationship between temperature and plant diversity in
the first large-scale assessment of the group's evolution. Comprising an estimated 90,000-120,000 species, rosids live in nearly all land-based habitats, with rosid trees shaping most temperate and many tropical
forests, said study co- author Douglas Soltis, Florida Museum curator
and University of Florida distinguished professor.



==========================================================================
"To me that was one of the biggest terrestrial evolutionary events --
the rise of the rosid-dominated forests," he said. "Other lineages, such
as amphibians, insects and ferns, diversified in the shadow of rosids."
The team's study shows rosids evolved by leaps and bounds after the
Earth's hothouse climate began to cool and dry and as many tropical and subtropical habitats transformed into temperate ones -- offering new
real estate for evolutionarily enterprising organisms.

The diversity of tropical regions, in contrast, is not due to evolutionary mechanisms, but rather stability: Folk said tropical plant communities
have "simply failed to go extinct, so to speak." The findings echo a
similar pattern the team uncovered in another group of plants known as Saxifragales, but the researchers are cautious about making conjectures
on whether the pattern holds true for other plants or animals.

"It's difficult to say there is a universal pattern for how life responds
to temperature," said study co-lead author Miao Sun, a postdoctoral
researcher at Denmark's Aarhus University and a former Florida Museum postdoctoral researcher. "On the other hand, there seems to be a trend
forming that, together with our study, shows a lower diversification rate
in tropical regions compared with temperate zones. But it's still hard
to tell to what extent this pattern is true across the tree of life."
If cooling temperature spurred rosid diversification, how might the
group fare on a warming planet? The prognosis is not promising, the
researchers said.



========================================================================== Rosids were able to fill cool ecological niches and now may not be
able to adapt to a temperature hike, especially at the current rate of
change, said study co-author Pamela Soltis, Florida Museum curator and
UF distinguished professor.

"Warming temperatures will likely slow the rate of diversification,
but even worse, we don't expect species currently living in arctic or
alpine areas to be able to respond to quickly warming temperatures," she
said. "The change is happening too rapidly, and we are already seeing
species moving northward in the Northern Hemisphere or up mountains,
with many more species facing extinction or already lost." The team
used genetic data from GenBank and natural history databases such as
iDigBio and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility to assemble
DNA data for 20,000 species and 3 million plant occurrence records --
one of the largest investigations of this nature to date.

"This work would have been impossible without natural history collections data," said study co-lead and senior author Robert Guralnick, Florida
Museum curator of bioinformatics. "Rosids are an enormously successful
group of flowering plants. Look out your window, and you will see
rosids. Those plants are there because of processes occurring over
millions of years, and now we know something essential about why."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History. Original written by Natalie van
Hoose. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Miao Sun, Ryan A. Folk, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Pamela S. Soltis,
Zhiduan Chen, Douglas E. Soltis, Robert P. Guralnick. Recent
accelerated diversification in rosids occurred outside
the tropics. Nature Communications, 2020; 11 (1) DOI:
10.1038/s41467-020-17116-5 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200706140833.htm

--- up 23 weeks, 6 days, 2 hours, 39 minutes
* Origin: -=> Castle Rock BBS <=- Now Husky HPT Powered! (1337:3/111)