New photonic chip for isolating light may be key to miniaturizing
quantum devices

Date:
October 21, 2021
Source:
University of Illinois Grainger College of Engineering
Summary:
Light plays a critical role in enabling 21st century quantum
information applications. Limited by size, engineers need to
miniaturize quantum devices, which requires re-thinking certain
components for harnessing light. Researchers have designed a
simple, compact photonic circuit that uses sound waves to rein
in light. The team's measurements show that their approach to
isolation currently outperforms all previous on-chip alternatives
and is optimized for compatibility with atom-based sensors.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Light offers an irreplaceable way to interact with our universe. It
can travel across galactic distances and collide with our atmosphere,
creating a shower of particles that tell a story of past astronomical
events. Here on earth, controlling light lets us send data from one side
of the planet to the other.


========================================================================== Given its broad utility, it's no surprise that light plays a critical
role in enabling 21st century quantum information applications. For
example, scientists use laser light to precisely control atoms, turning
them into ultra-sensitive measures of time, acceleration, and even
gravity. Currently, such early quantum technology is limited by size -- state-of-the-art systems would not fit on a dining room table, let alone
a chip. For practical use, scientists and engineers need to miniaturize
quantum devices, which requires re-thinking certain components for
harnessing light.

Now IQUIST member Gaurav Bahl and his research group have designed
a simple, compact photonic circuit that uses sound waves to rein in
light. The new study, published in the October 21 issue of the journal
Nature Photonics, demonstrates a powerful way to isolate, or control the directionality of light. The team's measurements show that their approach
to isolation currently outperforms all previous on-chip alternatives
and is optimized for compatibility with atom- based sensors.

"Atoms are the perfect references anywhere in nature and provide a basis
for many quantum applications," said Bahl, a professor in Mechanical
Science and Engineering (MechSe) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "The lasers that we use to control atoms need isolators
that block undesirable reflections. But so far the isolators that work
well in large-scale experiments have proved tough to miniaturize."
Even in the best of circumstances, light is difficult to control --
it will reflect, absorb, and refract when encountering a surface. A
mirror sends light back where it came from, a shard of glass bends light
while letting it through, and dark rocks absorb light and converts it
to heat. Essentially, light will gladly scatter every which way off
anything in its path. This unwieldy behavior is why even a smidgen of
light is beneficial for seeing in the dark.

Controlling light within large quantum devices is normally an
arduous task that involves a vast sea of mirrors, lenses, fibers,
and more. Miniaturization requires a different approach to many of
these components. In the last several years, scientists and engineers
have made significant advances in designing various light-controlling
elements on microchips. They can fabricate waveguides, which are
channels for transporting light, and can even change its color using
certain materials. But forcing light, which is made from tiny blips
called photons, to move in one direction while suppressing undesirable backwards reflections is tricky.



==========================================================================
"An isolator is a device that allows light to pass uninterrupted one
way and blocks it completely in the opposite direction," said the
study's first author Benjamin Sohn, a former graduate student and
postdoctoral researcher in Mechse who is now at NIST, Boulder. "This unidirectionality cannot be achieved using just any common dielectric
materials or glasses, and so we need to be a little more innovative. We
also want the isolator to operate at wavelengths of light tuned to atomic sensors, which can be hard even at large scales." In typical experiments,
the best tool for achieving unidirectionality uses magnets. For example,
nearly every laser has a magneto-optic isolator that lets light exit the
laser but prevents it from traveling backwards, which would mess with
laser functionality. While even lasers can be miniaturized, shrinking conventional isolators is problematic for two reasons. First, in compact devices, magnetic fields would negatively affect nearby atoms. Second,
even if there was a way to get around this, the materials that are inside
the isolator do not work as well on the smaller length scales on a chip.

Bahl's team demonstrated a new non-magnetic isolator that turns out
to be simple in design, uses common optical materials, and is easily
adaptable for different wavelengths of light.

"We wanted to design a device that naturally avoids loss, and the best
way to do that is to have light propagate through nothing. The simplest
bit of 'nothing' that can still guide photons along a controlled path
is a waveguide, which is a very basic component in photonic circuits,"
said Bahl.

In a complete atom-based system, the waveguide would steer laser light
through a series of elements to a small chamber containing atoms. With
this in mind, the team has optimized their chip for use with 780 nanometer light, which is the wavelength needed to configure common rubidium-based sensors.



==========================================================================
That is only the first half of the design because for isolation, the light
must be simultaneously blocked in the opposite direction. Previously, the
team showed that they could launch sound waves into a photonic circuit
to break the symmetric flow of light. In the new study the team turned
this idea into a demonstration of a functional chip element.

The complete photonic isolator contains a waveguide and an adjacent ring resonator, which looks like an oblong racetrack. Normally, incoming light
would just pass from the waveguide into the resonator, irrespective of
its direction, thus blocking all light flow. But when the team applied
sound waves to the ring, the resonator only captured light that was moving backwards through the waveguide. In the forward direction, light passed
through the waveguide unimpeded, as if the resonator was simply not there.

The team's measurements revealed that nearly every photon moves
through the waveguide in the forward direction, while having only one-in-ten-thousand chance of making it through backwards. This means that
the design reduced losses, or undesirable light absorption, to nearly
zero, which has been a long- standing problem with previous on-chip
isolators. The data show that the new devices exhibit record-breaking performance for on-chip isolation and operate as well as the larger magnet-based devices. In addition, the approach is flexible and can used
for multiple wavelengths without changing the starting material.

"The simplicity in fabrication is key -- with our approach, you could
print photonic isolators that work well for whatever wavelength you need,
all on the same chip at the same time. This is just not possible with
other approaches today," said co-author Ogulcan Orsel, graduate student
in Electrical Engineering at the U of I.

This could make the new design useful for other applications, like quantum computing, where stray, uncontrolled magnetic fields as well as unwanted
light can erode overall device performance.

The work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR).

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Illinois_Grainger_College_of_Engineering.

Original written by Emily Edwards. Note: Content may be edited for style
and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Donggyu B. Sohn, Oğulcan E. O"rsel, Gaurav Bahl. Electrically
driven
optical isolation through phonon-mediated photonic Autler-Townes
splitting. Nature Photonics, 2021; DOI: 10.1038/s41566-021-00884-x ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211021121107.htm

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